Sayyad-1 (SA-2 Guideline) Iranian Strategic Surface-to-Air (SAM) System
Volga-75SM, S-75 Dvina, V-75 Volkhov
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Basic Information
Name
Sayyad-1 (SA-2 Guideline) Iranian Strategic Surface-to-Air (SAM) System
Designation
Volga-75SM, S-75 Dvina, V-75 Volkhov
Alternate Designation
Volga-75SM, S-75 Dvina, V-75 Volkhov
Equipment Type
—
Manufacturer
Raspletin KB-1 (head developer), Grushin MKB Fakel (missile developer), Lavochkin OKB
Date of Introduction
1998
Description
Hezbollah and Houthi Proliferation. The Sayyad-1 (SA-2/Guideline) is a two-stage medium-to-high altitude, radar-tracking SAM. Because its range is generally 35 to 50-kms, it is more of an MRAD system than LRAD. The weapon is a national-level asset usually found in the rear area with the mission of site defense of static assets such as supply and command installations. It is fired from a single-rail ground-mounted launcher that can be moved by a truck. The missiles are carried on a special transloader-semi-trailer towed by a ZIL truck. AN SA-2 regiment consists of three battalions, each having a single firing battery. Each battery has six launchers arranged in a star formation, centrally positioned fan song fire control radar, and a loading vehicle. The two forward batteries usually locate 40 to 50 km behind front lines; the third battery locates approx.. 80 km behind. Limitations include limited effectiveness against updated ECM, restricted mobility, and limited effectiveness against low-altitude targets.
Ground Specifications
Mobility Type
Towed
Range
50.0 km
Variants
SA-2A (Guideline Mod 0)
This was the initial variant of the SA-2, which was deployed around Moscow, Leningrad and in the Baku region. It was guided by the Fan Song A radar system. It was probably a pre-production version.
SA-2B (Guideline Mod 1)
This improved version replaced the Mod 0. It is slightly longer than the Guideline Mod 0 and is guided by the Fan Song B radar system.
SA-2C (Guideline Mod 2)
Developed at the same time as the Guideline-B, this variant is equipped with a modified Fan Song C/D G-band engagement radar. The missile itself has a longer engagement range and can attack targets that are at lower altitudes than earlier versions of the SA-2.
SA-2D (Guideline Mod 3)
This short-lived variant fired V-750AK missiles and operated with the Fan Song E radar. It was more capable of defeating targets in hostile electronic warfare environments. It was eventually superseded in Soviet service by the Guideline Mod 4.
SA-2E (Guideline Mod 4)
This variant, also known as the S-75M Volga, used the V-755 missile, which was characterized by a swelled warhead section that could be fitted with a 25 kT nuclear warhead. It was guided by the Fan Song F radar.
SA-2F (Guideline Mod 5)
This variant, also designated the S-75M3 Volkhov, was developed with some technology derived from the SA-3 Goa ** (see separate record). It utilizes the improved Fan Song E radar, which is much more capable of hitting targets in a heavy ECM environment. This is accomplished by deploying a two-man t eam in a "dog house" on top of the radar. These two crewmembers track targets when the normal automatic tracking system has been jammed.
S-75 Volga 2A
This version was developed in 1995. Twelve digital assemblies replaced 78 analog assemblies. It fired an upgraded V-755 missile and used a modernized Fan Song F radar. It was primarily intended for export.
S-75 Volga 2T
Belarusian firm Tetraedr in 2004 began offering the S-75 Volga 2T upgrade kit. This included digital electronics and enhanced radars, launch control and missiles.
SA-N-2
This is the naval version of the SA-2. The mount included a twin-arm launcher fed by a large drum magazine. A navalized version of the Fan Song E radar was equipped, along with a High Lune** height finding radar.
Iraqi modified SA-2 Guideline
Iraq announced in 1989 that it had modified a number of SA-2s with an infrared terminal guidance system that improved the missile's capability against targets in high ECM environments. If the missile lost lock at this stage, the weapon could switch back to radio guidance. Iraq also attempted other modifications
CSS-8
his is a short-range ballistic missile based on the SA-2.
Sayyad-1
This is an Iranian reverse-engineered version of the SA-2. It is believed to have entered service in 1998. The design is also influenced by the Chinese HQ-2 and may feature some North Korean technology.
Sayyad-2
This is an Iranian upgrade of the Sayyad-1, based on both the SA-2 and the Chinese HQ-2.
RM-75MVU-1/VU-1 target missiles
his is a low-altitude (RM-75MVU-1) and high-altitude (RM-75VU-1) target missile based on the SA-2 was announced by Russia in mid-2004. The target missiles were to be used to test new surface-to-air missile systems being designed by the Almaz research and production association.
Qaher-1/-M2
These variants based on the S-75/SA-2 have been used by Houthi rebels in Yemen. The Qaher-1 was revealed in 2015 with a range of 186.4 mi (300 km) and warhead weighing 440.9 lb (200 kg).
System
Alternative Designation
Volga-75SM, S-75 Dvina, V-75 Volkhov
Manufacturer
Raspletin KB-1 (head developer),
Grushin MKB Fakel (missile developer),
Lavochkin OKB
Proliferation
Hezbollah
Crew
INA ea
Wars
Vietnam War, Six-Day War, Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Yom Kippur War, Cold War, Iran–Iraq War, Gulf War, War in Abkhazia (1992–93), First Libyan Civil War, Syrian Civil War, Yemeni Civil War (2015–present), Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, Saudi–Yemeni border conflict (2015–present)
Guidance System
Radio command guidance from Fan Song A/B; or E/F-band missile control radar; or
Fan Song D/E G-band missile control radar
Many installations have Spoon Rest early warning radar.
Note
Each battalion will typically have six, semi-fixed, single-rail launchers for their V-750 missiles positioned approximately 60 to 100 m (200 to 330 ft) apart from each other in a hexagonal "flower" pattern, with radars and guidance systems placed in the center. It was this unique "flower" shape that led to the sites being easily recognizable in reconnaissance photos. Typically another six missiles are stored on tractor-trailers near the center of the site.
Dimensions
Booster Diameter
0.70 m
Second Stage Diameter
0.50 m
Length
10.47 m
Wingspan
2.50 m
Total Weight
INA
Automotive
Primary Propulsion Type
solid-fuel booster
Primary Propulsion Duration
4-5 sec
Secondary Propulsion Type
liquid-fuel (nitric acid/hydrocarbon) sustainer
Secondardy Propulsion Duration
22 sec
Note
The missiles themselves are carried by a special transloader semi-trailer, which is towed by a Zil truck.
Communications
Primary
INA
Secondary
INA
Missile System
Missile Launcher
Name
INA
Type
Rail Guided
Launcher Weight
2,165 kg
Launch Rail/Tubes
Single rail, ground mounted (not mobile)
Reload Time
12 min
Note
S-75 Dvina and equipped with either V-750 or V-750V missiles.
Missile
Name
Either the V-750 or V-750V missiles.
Type
Standard
Missile Length
10.60 m
Missile Diameter
0.70 m
Weight at Launch
2,300 kg
Warhead Weight
190 kg
Warhead Type
HE 200kg (295kg SA-2E) 188kg (HQ-2B/F/J/P),
possible nuclear
Guidance System
Command
Maximum Velocity (Mach)
Mach 4
Bursting Radius Low Altitude
125-135 m
Bursting Radius High Altitude
250 m
Kill Radius
65 m
CEP
76 m
Maximum Effective Range
30 km
Minimum Effective Range
7 km
Maximum Altitude
22,000 m
Minimum Altitude
3,000 m
Fire Control System
Radar #1
Name
Spoon Rest
Type
Spoon Rest is a Russian ground-based, early warning radar that later evolved into the Knife Rest** series.
Band
A
Frequency
147-161 MHz
Pulse Width
4-6 microseconds
Maximum Range
275 km
Vertical Beamwidth
2.5 deg
Horizontal Beamwidth
7-9 deg
Peak Power
180-350 kW
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)
310-400 Hz
Radar #2
Name
P-15 Flat Face
Type
2D UHF radar developed and operated by the former Soviet Union
Band
L-Band
Frequency
810-950 MHz
Peak Power
400 kW
Maximum Range
250 km
Radar #3
Name
PRV-11 Side Net
Type
Side Net is a ground-based height-finding radar used in a ground control intercept (GCI) mode with early-warning radars Bar Lock , Back Net and Tall King
Band
E Band
Frequency
2,560-2,710 MHz
Antenna Height
8.50 m
Antenna Width
3.50 m
Average Range
180 km
Maximum Range
400 km
NOD CYCLES/SEC
5-30
Pulse Width
3/1.5 micro sec
Average Power
1.3 kW
Peak Power
1.2 MW
Radar #4
Name
Fan Song A/B/F
Type
Fire control & Tracking Radar
Band
E/F, G Band
Frequency
3 GHz (S-band)
Peak Power
600 kW
Maximum Range
60 km
Image Sources
Notes
INA;
Details
Country of Origin
Iran
Category
Short-Range Missile Systems (Less than 30 km)
Land > Air Defense > Short-Range Missile Systems (Less than 30 km)
Filter Label
S
Classification
Domain
Ground
Equipment Status
Active
Dimensions
Length
10.47 m
Width
—
Height
—
Weight
—
Operators (3)
Iran
North Korea
Non-State Actors
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