S3TSR

The S3TSR (Spanish Space Surveillance and Tracking Surveillance Radar) is an L-band (IEEE designation) or D-band (NATO designation) surveillance radar designed for observing Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. Manufactured by Indra, this radar operates in the 1215 to 1400 MHz frequency range, utilizing over 250 discrete frequencies, and has an instrumented range of 200 to 2000 km. It is installed at the Morón de la Frontera air base in Seville, Spain, and is operated and maintained by the COVE (Centro de Operaciones de Vigilancia Espacial del Ejército del Aire), through which Spain participates in the European SST consortium. The S3TSR employs modular and scalable phased array antennas in a close monostatic configuration, with transmitter and receiver arrays separated by less than 200 meters; the receiver site uses digital beamforming to generate 42 distinct receive beams. While the system's antennas do not provide the angular accuracy required for exact angle measurements from a single position, its distance measurements can achieve centimeter-level precision, enabling precise position determination through multilateration when combined with data from other known radar locations.

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