Basic Information

Name

T-72M Russian Main Battle Tank (MBT)

Designation

T-72M

Alternate Designation

T-72M

Equipment Type

Main Battle Tank (MBT)

Manufacturer

Uralvagonzavod

Date of Introduction

1979

Description

The T-72M is an export version, similar to T-72A. The T-72A is the second generation of Soviet-made main battle tank MBT in the T-72 family. The first version of the T-72 entered production in 1970. It is a further development of the T-62 with some features of the T-64A (upgraded version of basic T-64) and has been further developed as the T-90. The T-72A was accepted for service with the Russian army in June 1979 and is a further development of the standard MBT T-72. The T-72 was the most common tank used by the Soviet Army from the 1970s to the collapse of the Soviet Union. It was also exported to other Warsaw Pact countries, as well as Finland, India, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Yugoslavia, as well as being copied elsewhere, both with and without licenses. T-72A (1979) Added laser rangefinder and electronic fire control, turret front and the top being heavily reinforced with composite armor (nicknamed Dolly Parton by US intelligence), provisions for mounting reactive armor, smoke grenade launchers, flipper armor mount on front mudguards, internal changes. T-72 Uralvagonzavod produced the first prototype with a 125-mm gun and V-45K engine in 1968 as "Object 172". After intensive comparative testing with the T-64A, Object 172 was re-engineered in 1970 to deal with some minor problems. However, being only a mobilization model, the serial production of Object 172 was not possible in peacetime. In an unclear political process decree number 326-113 was issued, which allowed the production of Object 172 in the Soviet Union from 1 January 1972, and freed Uralvagonzavod from the T-64A production. The first batch was built as "Object 172M" and, after some modifications, it was tested again in 1973 and accepted into service as the "T-72" under Soviet ministry directive number 554-172 dated 7 August 1973. At least some technical documentation on the T-72 is known to have been passed to the CIA by the Polish Colonel Ryszard Kukliński between 1971 and 1982. In 2018, the 3rd Central Research Institute in Moscow had tested a proof-of-concept demonstration for robotic tank mobility and was planning to further develop it based on the T-72B3 and other platforms.

Ground Specifications

Crew 3

Engine V-12 Diesel (780 hp)

Active Protection ZETS11-3 Control System

Variants

T-72B Second Russian main variant of the T-72 after the T-72A.

T-72B1 In 1986, a limited production variant without an ATGM launch capability. Some do not have ERA.

T-72BK The Commander's variant with additional radios.

T-72BM Russian T-72B upgrade with 2nd gen ERA. The system is fielded, available for export, and upgraded. Tier 2 and some Tier 3 tanks can challenge US forces under favorable conditions when using modern ammunition and employed by well-trained units with sound tactics. A variety of upgrades are available for the T-72B. They include protection upgrades, such as improved ERA, APS, defensive aids suites with IR jammers, plate armor, welded turret, and grill armor around tracks and grill. Mobility upgrades include a new power train, improved steering, improved mine plows and rollers, and electronic mine spoofing system. Fire control system upgrades include new sights, gun, ammunition, and improved stabilization. With the expanding number of upgrades offered by former Warsaw Pact, Asian, Israeli, and other firms, most T-72-type tanks have some level of upgrade from the basic T-72 MBT. The more affordable upgrade approach for most countries is to execute specific upgrades during maintenance work. But this approach may result in only partially modernized tanks at any one point in the life of the vehicle, and which are not as modern as more recent competitors. An alternative is to produce modernized tanks in small numbers, resulting in high per-unit production costs.

T-72BU Upgrade variant with the fire control system from the T-80U as well as well as a variety of other changes.

T-72BU renamed T-90 With the limited market for new tanks, the world tank industry has developed upgrades and whole vehicle upgrade packages to tap into the market. Older T-72 tanks can be brought up to the T-72B standard. Some approach the T-90 standard. Most T-72-type tanks fielded reflect some level of upgrade. Upgrade options are expanding from former Warsaw Pact, Asian, Israeli, and other international firms.

T-72S / Shilden Russian export T-72A upgraded to the T-72B standard. Although visually similar to T-72B, it has slightly less chassis and turret protection. Former Warsaw Pact countries such as Slovakia and Middle Eastern countries like Iran have upgraded their tanks to the T-72S standard.

M-84AB1 Yugoslav upgrade to the M-84, bringing it close to the T-90, and the latest T-72B improved tanks.

M-95 Degman Croatian M-84 upgrade with box composite armor, ERA, 1200hp and thermal FCS. An export upgrade conversion, AKA M-84D, is offered for Kuwaiti M-84A tanks.

PT-91 Polish upgrade tanks with ERA, Drawa improved FCS, Savan-5 thermal sight, improved gun stabilization, and countermeasures.

PT-91M Has a 1000hp engine, new guns and FCS, armor changes, and other improvements. PT-91M exported to Singapore. PT-91P is designed for export to Peru.

T-72M1 Demonstrator with 2nd generation ERA and other upgrades were displayed at military shows.

T-72M1M Includes 3rd generation Relikt ERA and optional Arena Active Protection System (APS). Alternative designations: Rogata and SMT M1988. It is almost the same as the T-72S (Export), except more ERA on the side skirts.

AJEYA MK 2 India is upgrading T-72A tanks close to a Bhishma (T-90S) standard.

System

Alternative Designation T-72M

Type Main Battle Tank (MBT)

Manufacturer Uralvagonzavod

Date of Introduction 1979 to present

Family INA

Crew 3 ea

Passenger Capacity INA

Maximum Effective Range 500 m

Dimensions

Length (Gun Forward) 9.53 m

Length (Hull) 6.95 m

Width 3.59 m

Height 2.23 m

Weight, Combat 41 tons

Ground Pressure INA

Automotive

Engine Name V-46-6

Engine Type V-12 Diesel

Engine Power 780 hp

Power to Weight Ratio 18.8 hp/ton

Cruising Range 700 km

Speed, Maximum Road 60 km/h

Speed, Maximum Off-Road 35-45 km/h

Acceleration Speed (0-32 km/h 18 sec

Speed Maximum Swim Not Amphibious

Gradient 60 %

Side Slope 40 %

Vertical Step 0.85 m

Trench 2.8 m

Fording Depth 1.2 m

Fording (with Preparation) 5.0 m

Fording Kit OPVT deep water fording kit

Transmission Synchromesh, hydraulically assisted, with 7 forward and 1 reverse gears

Suspension Torsion bar

Ground Clearance 0.49 m

Fuel Capacity 1,200 liters

Fuel used Per Hour 240 liters

Gyrocompass GPK-59 gyrocompass

Rechargeable Batteries four 12ST-85R 34 AMP rechargeable batteries

Starter Generator SG-10-1S

Communications

Radio #1 R-173 (Standard Radio for Russian Tanks)

Radio #2 R-168-100U (Standard VHF)

Main Gun

System

Name 1 x 2A46M/2A46M-5 125mm Smoothbore Gun

Type Smoothbore Gun

Caliber 125 mm

Max Rate of Fire 8 rds/min

Manually Load Time 1-2 rds/min

Barrel Life 600 rounds

Sustain Rate of Fire INA

Thermal Sleeve Yes, alloy thermal sleeve

Bore Type Central Bore Evacuator

Breech Type semi-automatic horizontal sliding breech block via an interrupted screw thread.

Autoloader Yes, electromechanical carousel autoloader

Time to reload the Autoloader 4-5 min

Fire on the Move Yes, Main Gun

Maximum Elevation -6 deg

Minimum Elevation +14 deg

Traverse Range 360 deg

Traverse Right 180 deg

Traverse Left 180 deg

Ammunition (Option 1)

Type Armour-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot (APFSDS)

Caliber 125 mm

Muzzle Velocity 2,050 m/s

Effective Range 2,000-3,000 m

Armor Penetration 1,000 mm

Muzzle Energy 15-24 MJ

Projectile Dimension 900 mm

Projectile Weight 11 kg

Variants 1.1 3VBM3/3BM9/10 1.2 3VBM6/3BM12/13 1.3 3VBM7/3BM15/16 1.4 3VBM8/3BM17/18 1.5 3VBM9/3BM22/23 1.6 3VBM10/3BM29/30 1.7 3VBM11/3BM26/27 1.8 3VBM13/3BM32/33 1.9 3VBM17/3BM42 (3BM44 "Mango") 1.10 3VBM19/3BM42M (3BM44M "Lekalo") 1.11 3VBM20/3BM46 (3BM48 "Svinets") 1.12 3VBM22/3BM59 (3BM59 "Svinets-1") 1.13 3VBM23/3BM60 (3BM60 "Svinets-2") 1.14 3VBM?/3BM69 "Vacuum-1" 1.15 3VBM?/3BM70 "Vacuum-2"

Basic Load 45 Total Rounds of any 125mm Russian Projectiles

Note Entered service in 2005[5] Utilising a new sabot. Reported to be uranium alloy. For 2A82/2A82-1M cannon on T-80UM-2/T-14s.

Ammunition (Option 2)

Type High Explosives (HE)

Caliber 125 mm

Purpose High explosive fragmentation fin stabilised. General purpose rounds, for use against infantry, bunkers and light vehicles and other "soft" targets.

Muzzle Velocity 850 m/s

Max Dispersion 0.23 mrad

Maximum Range 5,000 m

Tungsten Rods 450 ea

Charge A-IX-2 (73% RDX, 23% aluminium powder, phlegmatized with 4% wax) 3.0 kg

Projectile Weight 23 kg

Round Weight 33 kg

Basic Load 45 Total Rounds of any 125mm Russian Projectiles

Variants 3VOF22/3OF19, 3VOF36/3OF26, 3VOF128/3OF82

Ammunition (Option 3)

Name 3VBK27/3BK31 "Start"

Type High-Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT)

Caliber 125 mm

Basic Load 45 Total Rounds of any 125mm Russian Projectiles

Muzzle Velocity 915 m/s

Max Dispersion INA

Maximum Range 3,000 m

Charge INA

Charge Weight 1.62 kg

Projectile Weight 18.4 kg

Armor Penetration Estimated at 800 mm triple charge HEAT

Variants 3VBK7/3BK12, 3VBK10/3BK14, 3BK12M, 3BK14M, 3VBK16/3BK18, 3BK18M, 3VBK17/3BK21, 3BK21B, 3VBK21/3BK25, 3VBK25/3BK29 "Breyk", 3VBK25M/3BK29M

Anti-Tank Guided Missile

System

Name 9K119 SVIR / AT-11

Type Laser Guided Anti-tank guided missile launcher

Manufacturer KBP Instrument Design Bureau

Caliber 125 mm

Round Type 3UBK20 round

Guidance System 9M119M Laser Guided Missile

Voltage Converter 9S831 voltage converter.

Tracking System IK13 tracker

Hit Probability 80 %

Sight Assembly coded laser guidance beam 1K13-49

Gunner's Night Sight TPN-1-49 secondary night sight.

Fire Control System 1A40-1

Penetration up to 700mm of armor

Warhead Weight (HEAT) 4.2 kg

Laser Emitter 1K13 sight's laser

Onboard Guidance System Yes

Maximum Effective Range 4,000 m

Basic Load 6 ea

Tank Commander’s Weapon System

System

Name 1 x NSV (Russian НСВ Никитина-Соколова-Волкова) 12.7 mm Heavy Machine Gun

Type Heavy Machine Gun

Caliber 12.7 mm

Proliferation over 1 Million

Manufacturer "Metallist", Uralsk, Kazakh SSR, Crvena ZastavaSerbia

Weight (Gun Only) 25 kg

Muzzle Velocity 845 m/s

Length (Total) 1,560 mm

Max Rate of Fire 700-800 rds/min

Weight (On Tripod) 41 kg

Weight (50-Round Belt) 11 kg

Action Gas Operated

Maximum Elevation +75 deg

Minimum Elevation -4 deg

Sights Iron Sights

Feed System 50-Round Belt

Ammunition

Type Rifle

Caliber 12.7x108 mm

Muzzle Velocity 845 m/s

Armor Penetration API: 21 at 500 m & 13 at 1000 m (RHA)

Effective Firing Range (vs. Air Targets) 1,500 m

Effective Firing Range (vs. Ground Targets) 2,000 m

Basic Load 300 ea

Coaxial Weapon System

System

Name 1 x PKT (Kalashnikov's Machine Gun) 7.62mm General-Purpose Machine Gun

Type General-Purpose Machine Gun

Caliber 7.62 mm

Function in use as a front-line infantry and vehicle-mounted weapon with Russia's armed forces.

In Service 1961-present

Manufacturer Degtyaryov plant

Proliferation 1 Million +

Max Rate of Fire 650-750 rds/min

Effective Rate of Fire 250 rds/min

Weight (Gun Only) 9 kg

Weight (Tripod Only) 7.7 kg

Length 1,203 mm

Length (Barrel) 605 mm

Action Gas-operated, open bolt

Feed System Non-disintegrating metal 50 round belts in 100 and 200/250 round ammunition boxes

Sights Iron Sights

Ammunition

Type Rifle

Caliber 7.60 mm

Cartridge 7.62×54mmR

Muzzle Velocity 825 m/s

Effective Range (Iron Sights) 1,000 m

Effective Range (with Sight Adjustments) 100-1,500 m

Maximum Firing Range 3,800 m

Basic Load 2,000 ea

Fire Control

Name 1A40-1

Computerized FCS Yes, Electric FCS

Thermal Sight Tank Commander Yes, TPNZ-49

Thermal Sight Gunner 1K13-49

Main Gun Stabilization 2Eh28M electrohydraulic system

Range, Day Sight 5,000 m

Range, Thermal Sight 1,000 m

Infrared Yes

Gyrocompass GPK-59 gyrocompass

Searchlight L-4A "Luna" IR searchlight

Collimator Sight K10T collimator sight

Periscopes two TNPO-160 prismatic periscopes

Laser Rangefinder Yes

Protection

Hull Armor Steel and composite armour with ERA, equivalent to 500-600 mm of Rolled Homogenous Armor (RHA)

Turret Armor Steel and composite armour with ERA, 500 mm against APFSDS projectiles and to 560 mm against HEAT weapons.

Applique Armor Available, Turret top and track skirts

Explosive Reactive Armor Yes, Kontakt-5

Active Protection System Yes, ZETS11-3 Control System

Mine Clearing KMT-7 Tank-mounted Roller-Plow System The KMT-7 is similar to the KMT-5 but utilizes a box-channel frame and the rollers are less "cleated". The plows used with the KMT-7 are similar to those used with the KMT-6. The supporting frames for the rollers are L-shaped to allow the rollers to swing past the frame when a mine is detonated. Chains are fitted between the rollers to detonate tilt-mast fuses. As with previous models the rollers are carried on a separate vehicle and are fitted using a crane. The KMT-7 can clear tracks 1.65 meters wide with an intermediate space 2.16 meters wide.

Self-Entrenching Blade Yes, built in Dozer Blade

NBC Protection Yes, System Sensor Radiation Device and chemical intelligence (PRRM).

Grenade Launcher Yes, twelve 81 mm Toucha 902B grenade launchers that fire the ZD-6 smoke grenade.

Grenade Maximum Effective Range 200-300 m

Grenade Smoke Screen Size 30 m wide and 10 m high for 60 seconds per grenade.

Engine Smoke Screen Capable Yes

IR Signature INA

Automatic Fire Extinguishing Equipment. Yes

Image Sources

Notes https://www.facebook.com/worldmilitaryphotosdotcom/posts/ukraine-has-received-200-t-72-tanks-from-poland/2356148231194134/; https://www.reddit.com/r/Warthunder/comments/z3osa1/mybe_we_could_get_some_new_gdr_tanks_since_we/;